Dominion is a popular game by Donald X. Vaccarino released in 2008. It inaugurated the genre "Deck-building" where players repeatedly buy new cards to add to their deck.
On each turn, players draw 5 cards from their deck and play them. After a few rounds, the player's deck is empty. All his cards are then reshuffled (including the previously purchased ones). This way, the player steadily builds his deck (representing his kingdom) which becomes more and more powerful as the game progresses.
I personally recommend strongly Dominion. There has been many spin-offs since Dominion was released but it is still considered as the best "deck-building" game by many. It has many expansions which helps in that regard too.